HYDROTECHNOLOGY - A New Science
Pursuing a balance with NATURE
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Hydrology Breakthrough vs. USPTO Conspiracy
"Violation of science: bad apples and/or systems failure?"
“Why Bad Apples Spoil the Barrel?”
The Conspiracy – USPTO is running a broad Reinvention Scheme that let Lawyers writing scientific patents and allowing IP rights of issues they are not known in the art!
‘... If you have a point to make about my treatment of hydrological concepts, I ask that you take the time to explain your specific points of disagreement. I note that my work is better represented in my publications (available at http://www.stroockgroup.org/home/publications) than in patents, as the lawyers have been translated the latter into legalese that I do not understand.’
Food for thought – If an inventor PhD from Harvard can have USPTO issued patents to protect his intellectual property rights but he does NOT understand it, how much the Patent Attorney and Patent Examiner knows about the issue granted protection by US Government. If it holds true, it means that Lawyers know about science more than scientists do. Amazing! I just imagine Albert Einstein trying to get patents with his scientific papers .. . It means that those guys in the patenting affairs would handle Theory of Relativity more than him . . . Now I understand why Americans are the leaders of the world . . . awesome, this is simply magical. Mayday Mr. Snowden . . .mayday mother nature!
My ‘scientific breakthrough’ deals deeply with Hydrogeology/Soil Physics/Hydrology. When I took classes at the Pennsylvania State University
If my patent was being violated I had simple questions to pursue:
· Was it a casual violation or a clear biased trend?
· Had the examiner already cited my patent earlier?
· Did the inventors and examiner have technical-scientific background in the issue?
· Was the violator a wealthy party?
· Was the examiner citing my patent to be sure he was granting new claims not claimed before?
· Why my issued patent was being randomly cited for irrelevant patents and ignored when violated blatantly?
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This is the tip of the iceberg as of what lies bellow, clearly points out distorted conceptions and beliefs on human culture WHEN LAWS OF MAN IGNORE LAWS OF NATURE.
From: Moulis, Thomas <Thomas.Moulis@uspto.gov>
Date: Fri, Aug 7, 2015 at 12:40 PM
Subject: RE: Conspiracy and Brainwashing III – USPTO is preaching to their Patent Examiners that they do not need to be known in the art for judging and allowing IP rights when issuing patents!
To: Elson Silva, PhD <tubarc@gmail.com>
From: Moulis, Thomas <Thomas.Moulis@uspto.gov>
Date: Fri, Aug 7, 2015 at 12:40 PM
Subject: RE: Conspiracy and Brainwashing III – USPTO is preaching to their Patent Examiners that they do not need to be known in the art for judging and allowing IP rights when issuing patents!
To: Elson Silva, PhD <tubarc@gmail.com>
You are a fool---
If you can’t understand legal or technical writing, you have no business blogging about it
“Wicking” is a term of art---fluid will travel in any direction via the fibers—regardless of gravity
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"Wick/wicking is in the patent classification system but not on HYDROLOGY textbooks."
LEGAL WICKING as the term of the art regardless of gravity confirms USPTO long standing bias ignoring hydrology on conductivity parameters of issued patents (11/30/23):
Thermal/Heat Conductivity 176.074 pat.
Electric/Electrical Conductivity 139.254 pat.
Hydraulic Conductivity 1.329 pat.
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity 38 pat.
Wick/wicking 66.415 pat.
The US Government states that LEGAL WICKING is not technical, being inert to gravity LAW, meaning that LEGAL OIL LAMPS and LEGAL CANDLES can work upsided down. This sort of deceiving is behind the Economic Melting Down of 2008 burning about 41 trillion dollars, also dumping 1,1 million American as the leader of the COVID-19 pandemic catastrophe that took around 7 million lives world widely. In addition, obesity and sedentarism letting human beings miss brain capacity by becoming grumpier and dumber on neurogenesis effect.
Science is our understanding on nature functioning. Humans learn to respect nature early as babies on the first steps taming gravity for walking and running. Soon we understand the consequences of missteping and falling down. Therefore, all issued patents dealing with wick/wicking are CERTAINLY frauded because PATENT EXAMINERS ignored their homework from the beginning of their lives - GRAVITY.
LEGAL WICKING as the term of the art regardless of gravity confirms USPTO long standing bias ignoring hydrology on conductivity parameters of issued patents (11/30/23):
Thermal/Heat Conductivity 176.074 pat.
Electric/Electrical Conductivity 139.254 pat.
Hydraulic Conductivity 1.329 pat.
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity 38 pat.
Wick/wicking 66.415 pat.
The US Government states that LEGAL WICKING is not technical, being inert to gravity LAW, meaning that LEGAL OIL LAMPS and LEGAL CANDLES can work upsided down. This sort of deceiving is behind the Economic Melting Down of 2008 burning about 41 trillion dollars, also dumping 1,1 million American as the leader of the COVID-19 pandemic catastrophe that took around 7 million lives world widely. In addition, obesity and sedentarism letting human beings miss brain capacity by becoming grumpier and dumber on neurogenesis effect.
Science is our understanding on nature functioning. Humans learn to respect nature early as babies on the first steps taming gravity for walking and running. Soon we understand the consequences of missteping and falling down. Therefore, all issued patents dealing with wick/wicking are CERTAINLY frauded because PATENT EXAMINERS ignored their homework from the beginning of their lives - GRAVITY.
Sir Isaac Newton defined the Law of Universal Gravitation in 1687. He was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree.
---------------------------------
De: Owen, Steven [mailto:steven.owen@uconn.edu]
Enviada em: quarta-feira, 5 de outubro de 2011 11:36
Para: Elson Silva, PhD
Assunto: RE: {SPAM?} Protecting Hydrology Science from REINVENTION
Enviada em: quarta-feira, 5 de outubro de 2011 11:36
Para: Elson Silva, PhD
Assunto: RE: {SPAM?} Protecting Hydrology Science from REINVENTION
Mr. Silva, has anyone ever called you a nutcase?
Are people out to get you?
Are you having some trouble keeping up with your medications?
---------------------------------
Steven V. Owen
University Professor Emeritus
Educational Psychology
---------------------------------
Dr. Owen, my medicine is a bit bitter than that one swallowed by Albert Einstein by just stretching his tongue:
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This email from an Emeritus Faculty of Educational Psychology provided valuable insights and feedback showing how deep the academic community is compromised on scientific affairs in the US.They were supposed to know that Darcy’s Law on Hydraulic Conductivity is not written in the US constitution, but endorsed by Mother Nature.
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Nobel Prize is IMPORTANT TO HUMAN KIND, as 50% is business, 40% politics, 5% bad science and 5% good science from an educated abstraction. Nobel Prize Nomination of Economic Science was introduced to pretend that Human Business could overlap nature functioning. THE US AS THE FIRST ECONOMIC POWER IN THE WORLD GRABBED TWO-THIRDS (411/621) OF NOBEL PRIZE NOMINATIONS FOR SCIENCE. Exploratory Analysis shows that the American scientific community has been violating Hydrology science in the Patenting System more than a century, leaving a gap huge enough for a new science Hydrotechnology. It seems that working with the Chemistry of explosives is far more profitable than the Hydrology of self-watering flower pots. Mr. Alfred Nobel, Arms Dealer, Merchant of Death, and Father of Dynamite, got 355 patents and Albert Einstein got 50 issued patents to portray top scientists claiming intellectual property rights. Obesity, Economic Melt Dow, COVID-19 tragedies, and now Reinvention Policy by USPTO are important evidence of American negligence to science misbalance with Nature.
How much NATURE endorses the Economy and Politics? Sunlight and rain come to us FREE OF CHARGE, regardless of BOUNDARIES, making the Economy not a science, but a distorted human affair as basic Laws of offer and demand is being replaced by GREED and FEAR. Likewise, recent wars in Ukraine and Israel show us that Politics can’t be science, but a wicked manipulation on human issues wasting innocent lives and spoiling the landscape for weaponry industry profit and disguised interest as Homo sapiens misses simple rationality.
In my neighborhood, I saw the Scientific Police taking pictures of swings I installed on trees for children in the Park during the COVID-19 pandemic lock down. Society try to employ the word SCIENCE for POWER, but there is a misunderstanding as scientific principles claim TRANSPARENCY and HONESTY. Nature is in charge of SCIENCE as there is no POLICE to enforce Nature LAWS. Even religion try to use Scientology for credibility. I like the simple conception that God = Nature. However, Nature writes no books, promises no lands, no life after death, no war or death in name of a divine. In around 4 billions of years of our planet, it seems that we got no aliens to affect our evolution. Most probable we are not leaving our home until the end in 4 to 6 billions of years. Human challenge is to keep nuclear weapons safe, cropping soils, mining our minerals and preserve our home in balance with nature functioning, making our blue planet good for all humans.
What we see in the universe is just for light travelling.
It seems that few scientists do understand the meaning of their titles PhD as Philosophy Doctor coming from Philosophy of Science (Epistemology, Metaphysics, Logics, and History of Science).
_____________________________________________________________
The Conspiracy
_________________________________________________________________
Wicking Mob – MIT is Cheating Science in Collusion with USPTO
Who cares?
I got my PhD at a famous place Penn State
Now my ‘scientific breakthrough’ is facing the same treat as those boys got in the academic environment – shameful violation of rights and respect in the most despicable way. My patents are being violated by flawed ones from wealthy lay people in collusion with US officials . . . top Institutions around the country are also crossing the boundaries flunking the content of their libraries, ethics, respect, and dishonoring educational principles.
As a Penn Stater I am aware on how ugly it can become . . .
Well, I am not a disadvantaged boy since I got PhD but the distorting power is hopping to the summit!
I had brain to get a ‘breakthrough’ now my next step is to make it coming along glaring human existence as tubarc borrows principles from the beginning of life developing biological porosity. I know how science works and how humans behave! The trick is quite simple as taking advantages of the ‘scientific method’ – screening, exploring, testing, harvesting, and understanding!
I told Mr. Obama early 2011 not to dishonor Hydrology this way . . . http://hydrotechnology.blogspot.com.br/
hy•drol•o•gy - The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
My old textbooks of Hydrogelogy/Soil Physics/Hydrology tell me that Hydraulic Conductivity on porosity is addressed by volume/area/time. None of this scientific literature of Hydrology mention the word wick/wicking simply because the complexity goes far and far beyond the functioning of oil lamps. Fluids move by a Hydraulic Gradient having or not a flame to evaporate it.
As a scientist let me remind you on something you are supposed to know:
What is inside libraries coined as common knowledge cannot be changed by any distorted power over the landscape, so if you want to address fluids on your research I suggest you to do your homework and learn deeply about Hydrology otherwise you will be wasting your time and resources. Hydrogeology and Soil Physics provides the insights you must have dealing with hydrodynamics on porosity systems.
· Life support on Earth is sustained by two major interacting complex systems:
1. Energy Cycle
2. Water Cycle
· Water drains continuously toward the ocean by gravity force but the sun energy brings it back recharging the lands within a complex hydrodynamic functioning pumping life and molding the landscape
‘Like in Nature why scientists from the MIT Device Research Laboratory (DRL) under the direction of Dr. Evelyn Wang in the Mechanical Engineering Department at MIT working with heat and mass transport processes miss the point that heat moves in one direction by Thermal Conductivity displacing a fluid that comes back in the opposite direction on a Hydraulic Conductivity of a porosity system according to a Hydraulic gradient.’
How can any serious scientist ever address ‘Mass Transport Processes’ ignoring Hydrology Science?
MIT is caring for Thermodynamics and shamefully neglecting Hydrodynamics.
DRS aims at working with mass transport of fluids ignoring Hydrology science completely except a brief address of water chemistry shameflully missing HYDRODYNAMICS on mass transport issues, mainly on porosity system that has plenty of insights coming from Hydrogeology and Soil Science.
Water: (Device Research Laboratory/Research)
The increasing global population along with the exploitation of the world's fresh water supply has resulted in a critical shortage of clean drinking water that currently affects over half of the world's population. Since 97% of the world's water is salt water, desalination is a logical choice to ease the water crisis. Although desalination systems can produce large volumes of fresh water, the separation processes are still largely inefficient.
heat and mass transport processes = K = Hydraulic Conductivity = volume / area / time = mm3/mm2/t
Why there is no wicking in Hydrology?
The word wick is not portrayed in any Hydrology textbooks because fluid moves in response to a Hydraulic gradient far more complex than oil lamps and candles requiring no flames at all.
The patent application from MIT mentions the word wick 23 times while the word Hydrology is ignored shamefully by scientists pretending to know what they are doing. There is an aggravation as Hydrology is one of the oldest sciences born in the crib of human civilization around 7,000 years ago when man started growing crops in the lowlands for food needing irrigation systems to provide continuous water supply. Since then knowledge about fluid dynamics have been accumulating deeply. In 1856 saturated flow on porous media was described by Henry Darcy, but in 1907 Edgard Buckingham proposed a modification of Darcy’s Law to describe the flow through unsaturated soil (wicking for lay people).
Cruel Reality – Lawyers are messing with science on intellectual property affairs as they have no handle on it.
So, collusion with USPTO is unleashing a wave of flawed patents like this one more below:
Scientific Flaw.
The ‘wick’ 34 cannot work below the water table reference.
The device 34 is just a porous drain and never a wick.
Wick is a device on oil lamps that takes fuel toward the flame inside the Unsaturated Hydraulic Zone (Negative Pressure).
Lay people employing wicking terminology does not understand oil lamps and the functioning of wicks.
My Demand to USPTO
It is not that hard to argue at the Court of the Law that Hydrological issues should be examined by Hydrologists.
My demand to USPTO is the same as the first letter sent on Oct. 2006:
1. Hire Examiners with background in Hydrogeology and/or Soil Physics so that they have full comprehension of fluids moving on porosity;
2. Cancel issued patents with scientific flaws. Obsolete patents are cancelled naturally by becoming outdated;
3. Make a public statement about Hydrology negligence hurting all Hydrological community as well as my project that needs experts in Hydrology to protect the content of my issued claims.
4. Compensate for my losses since as an inventor filing patents I was not expecting lay people handling hydrology in the examination process by USPTO.
5. Since USPTO is failing to protect my IP rights my patents should be eligible for time extension of their expiration dates (new demand).
6. Issue a bill requiring Hydrology be handled by Hydrologists preventing laypeople from harming standing common knowledge in the scientific literature (new demand).
7. Make people accountable for breaking the Law regarding my complaints (new demand).
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Understanding the bias – The size of the Hydrological Gap
Wick/wicking is not a word found on my Hydrology textbooks but it is in the patent classification system at USPTO guiding lay inventors and lay Patent Examiners pretending they are known in the art.
In 1856 Henry Darcy proposed an equation Law to address fluids moving on porosity for Hydraulic Conductivity. Afterwards in 1907 Edward Buckingham suggested a change to address negative pressure flow for Unsaturated Hydraulic Flow (wick/wicking).
Today May 12, 2014 searching at USPTO:
Thermal/Heat Conductivity is mentioned in 96,025 issued patents
Electrical/Electric Conductivity is mentioned in 72,719 issued patents
Hydraulic Conductivity mentioned in only 702 issued patents
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity (wicking for lay people) is mentioned in only 27 issued patents
Wick/wicking (Unsaturated Flow if not flawed) is mentioned in 32,206 issued patents
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Abraham Duncan Stroock
Dept: Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Title: Associate Professor
email: ads10@cornell.edu
Education
Ph.D., Harvard University
M.S., University Paris VI and XI,Solid State
De: Abraham Duncan Stroock [mailto:abe.stroock@cornell.edu]
Enviada em: terça-feira, 22 de abril de 2014 22:20
Para: Elson Silva, PhD
Para: Elson Silva, PhD
Assunto: RE: [06856] Protecting Hydrology Science from REINVENTION by corrupt LAY PEOPLE colluding with USPTO - US Pat 8,701,469
Dear Dr. Silva,
‘... If you have a point to make about my treatment of hydrological concepts, I ask that you take the time to explain your specific points of disagreement. I note that my work is better represented in my publications (available at http://www.stroockgroup.org/home/publications) than in patents, as the lawyers have been translated the latter into legalese that I do not understand.’
Best regards,
Abe
___________________________________________________________
De: Elson Silva, PhD [mailto:el_silva@uol.com.br]
Enviada em: terça-feira, 22 de abril de 201423:40
Para : 'Abraham Duncan Stroock'
Cc: cko3@cornell.edu; TDO1@cornell.edu; MGS22@cornell.edu; SBW11@cornell.edu; el_silva@uol.com.br
Assunto: RES: [06856] Protecting Hydrology Science from REINVENTION by corrupt LAY PEOPLE colluding with USPTO - US Pat 8,701,469
Enviada em: terça-feira, 22 de abril de 2014
Cc: cko3@cornell.edu; TDO1@cornell.edu; MGS22@cornell.edu; SBW11@cornell.edu; el_silva@uol.com.br
Assunto: RES: [06856] Protecting Hydrology Science from REINVENTION by corrupt LAY PEOPLE colluding with USPTO - US Pat 8,701,469
Prioridade: Alta
Abe,
You are so naive.
‘…Are you sure you got your PhD at Harvard? ‘
Lawyers learn nothing about Hydrology in Law School.
As far as I know no Law School
This is funny!
You do not give your scientific papers to Lawyers, so why are your patents different?
(By the way, was it a Lawyer who wrote your PhD thesis?)
Also, Lawyers are illiterate on the functioning of science, besides most scientists have no idea about Epistemology, Metaphysics, Logics, and History of Science (Philosophy of Science).
USPTO is a sham system allowing reinvention sometimes by flawed lazy patents from wealthy parties letting Lawyers step over boundaries beyond their background in Law Schools….’
Your peers, your country, all the world needs to be involved simply because you all are screwing up a ‘scientific breakthrough’ which comes from a Classical and old science HYDROLOGY. “
Wicking Mob – Cornell University
My scientific breakthrough (US Pat. 6,766,817) was just reinvented again this time by Carefusion Corporation. Dr. Stroock, you and all Cornell University
Geological Porosity - The first porosity system was designed by nature about 2 billions of years ago on weathering of rocks making the soil systems. The second one – Biological Porosity; was deigned by live beings about a billion of years ago on growing multicellular beings from unicellular expanding size and needing an enhance porosity for fluid conduction on Phloem and Xylem. Tubarc Porosity is the third generation of porosity learning with nature functioning and considering human limitations to handle matter at tiny scale.
As a scientist I cannot be so disappointed with Carefusion! After all they are proving that my proposed idea is tenable and reliable as I created it. Sure, they just do not have enough honesty to reward my long working hardship on years of research and thousands of experiments to grab nature secrets. I know who they are and how to handle them as we always had this sort of nuisance over the landscape to challenge our will to get through as we had done so far. They are not intelligent and smart enough to comprehend how strong honesty and respect can protect their issues.
The device 900A includes the heater wire 802 that includes at least one groove 904, wherein the heater wire 802 is to be positioned in the respiratory gas conduit 810. The heater wire 802 includes a sheathing 902 surrounding the wire component 901 within the heater wire 802. The sheathing 902 includes at least one groove 904 disposed thereon. The at least one groove 904 wicks up water that has formed in a condensation region within the respiratory gas conduit 810 and then transports the wicked up water to a re-evaporation region
Cheating on a Scientific Breakthrough by Fake Scientists and Corrupt Lawyers
Abstract
A fluidic device for conveying liquid to a well of a microplate. The device includes a support structure configured to be mounted along the microplate. The device also includes a microfluidic tube coupled to the support structure. The tube has an inlet, an outlet, and an open-sided channel that extends longitudinally therebetween. The tube has a cross-section that includes an interior contour with a gap therein. The gap extends at least partially along a length of the tube. The tube is configured to convey liquid to the well of the microplate when the tube is held in a dispensing orientation.
Claims
1. A fluidic device for conveying liquid to a well of a microplate, the device comprising: a support structure configured to be mounted along the microplate; and a microfluidic tube coupled to the support structure, the tube having an inlet, an outlet, and an open-sided channel that extends longitudinally therebetween, the tube having a cross-section that includes an interior contour with a gap therein, the gap extending at least partially along a length of the tube, the tube being configured to convey liquid to the well of the microplate when the tube is held in a dispensing orientation.
So far I am confident that ‘Tubarc’ US Pat 6,766,817 is a breakthrough important to change textbooks down the line. Lay inventors in collusion with USPTO are reinventing it showing a total disrespect to a scientist that took years and thousands of experiments to grab nature secrets and make human affairs worthwhile in the future. Personally I cannot nurture any disappoint as nature does not depend on any economic system or public recognition. But, I still can have fun chasing them like rats as I used to do in my farm where I grew up. They cross the boundaries and we chase them to fix it and show that honesty is the most important principle to pursue.
Expert, Lay, or Dumb?
Let’s make this blog funny!
I am an expert as I got PhD in Soil Science at Penn State University Amazon Basin US
My father knew that a wick was as a device to take fuel to the flame on oil lamps. He would never set any wick in the bottom of an oil lamp. He knew that wicks could never ever work draining lamps in the bottom
Perhaps those scientist below are neither experts nor lay, but probably dumb people that never handled an oil lamp having no idea even what wick/wicking is. It seems that they also had no curiosity to open any Hydrology book to learn about the dynamics of fluid moving on porosity systems in the interplay between Hydraulic Zones.
So, it makes US Pat. 8,701,469 a clear scientific flaw as no wick works inside the saturated hydraulic Zone (Zone of positive pressure potential)
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Soil consolidation using prefabricated vertical drains (also commonly called wick drains or band drains) can reduce settlement times from years to months. Most settlement can occur during construction, thus keeping post-construction settlements to a minimum.
ceo@americanwick.com
dcarmen@americanwick.com
ghamer@americanwick.com
gnorfleet@americanwick.com
info@americanwick.com
jdunn@americanwick.com
jsaxton@americanwick.com
ledwards@americanwick.com
mobermeyer@americanwick.com
schesterson@americanwick.com
smarlow@americanwick.com
Evelyn N. Wang
Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Room 3-461B
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge MA 02139-4307
Phone: 617-324-3311
Email: enwang@mit.edu
Web: http://drl.mit.edu
Curriculum Vitae
Administrative Contact:
Alexandra Cabral
Room 3-461
Phone: 617-324-2805
Email: cabrala@mit.edu
Room 3-461B
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge MA 02139-4307
Phone: 617-324-3311
Email: enwang@mit.edu
Web: http://drl.mit.edu
Curriculum Vitae
Administrative Contact:
Alexandra Cabral
Room 3-461
Phone: 617-324-2805
Email: cabrala@mit.edu
Education
Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering,Stanford University
M.S. in Mechanical Engineering,Stanford University
Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering,
M.S. in Mechanical Engineering,
B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T., 2000
Research Interests
micro-/nano-scale heat and mass transport, two-phase transport, phase-change; nanoengineered surfaces; thermal management for high performance systems; bio-inspired micro-/nano-systems;energy efficient systems; solar thermal energy conversion; water desalination
Abstract
Evaporative heat transfer system. The system includes a substrate and a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced-apart ridges extending from the substrate forming vertical liquid manifolds therebetween. A nanoporous membrane is supported on the ridges and a pump delivers a dielectric fluid across the ridges. The fluid is drawn through the liquid manifolds via capillarity provided by the nanoporous membrane and evaporates to dissipate heat flux through the substrate. A preferred dielectric fluid is pentane. It is preferred that membrane porosity vary across the membrane to tailor thermal resistances to limit temperature rises.
Claims
1. Evaporative heat transfer system comprising: a substrate; a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced-apart ridges extending from the substrate forming vertical liquid manifolds therebetween; a nanoporous membrane supported on the ridges; and a pump for delivering a dielectric fluid across the ridges, whereby the fluid is drawn through the liquid manifolds via capillarity provided by the nanoporous membrane and evaporates to dissipate heat flux through the substrate.
[0005] Recent developments in thermal ground planes have utilized micro/nanostructured wicks, including sintered copper mesh coated with carbon nanotubes [30], titanium nanopillars [31], and oxidized copper microposts [32], to develop high flux evaporators. A typical value of q''=550 W/cm.sup.2 and h=15.4 W/cm.sup.2K over a heated area of 5.times.5 mm.sup.2 was demonstrated with an evaporator area of 2.times.2 cm.sup.2 [30]. However, the performance of such wick is fundamentally limited due to the coupling between the capillary pressure generated by the wick and the liquid transport through the wick. To decrease the transport distance within the wick, liquid supply arteries [33] or bi-porosity [34, 35] have been introduced, and as a result, q''=380 W/cm.sup.2 with h=20 W/cm.sup.2K was demonstrated [33]. Even in this configuration, the liquid transport remains in the wick, and limits the maximum heat flux. Meanwhile, to achieve the flow rates required for higher heat fluxes, the height of the wick structure should be >100 .mu.m, which increases the thermal resistance.
[0006] A recent study using evaporation through a nanoporous membrane, similar to our concept disclosed herein, demonstrated a maximum q''.about.600 W/cm.sup.2 with h=9.4 W/cm.sup.2K [36]. However, the configuration required heat conducting through a liquid layer that limited the thermal resistance, and active pumping, instead of capillarity, to drive the liquid to the membrane, which increased the power consumption.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The evaporative heat transfer system according to the invention includes a substrate and a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced-apart ridges extending from the substrate forming vertical liquid manifolds therebetween. A nanoporous membrane is supported on the ridges and a pump delivers a dielectric fluid across the edges. The fluid is drawn through the liquid manifolds via capillarity provided by the nanoporous membrane and evaporates to dissipate heat flux through the substrate. A preferred dielectric fluid is pentane. The pore size in the nanoporous membrane is selected to provide high capillary pressures. In one embodiment, the pore size is approximately 40 nm and capillary pressure is approximately 1.1 MPa.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a thin-film wick for an embodiment of the invention showing a portion of the nanoporous membrane removed to reveal supporting ridges.
[0019] FIG. 8a is an exploded view showing an embodiment of the evaporative microfluidic device disclosed herein interfaced to a hot chip. Pumped liquid supply in microchannels drawn through vertical liquid manifold by capillarity.
[0029] We disclose a unique intrachip two-phase evaporative cooling solution capable of dissipating >1 kW/cm.sup.2 for a 1 cm.sup.2 chip area with a local 200.times.200 .mu.m.sup.2 hot spot >5 kW/cm.sup.2 (FIG. 1). A mechanical pump delivers a dielectric fluid, such as pentane, across microchannels whereby liquid is drawn in through the vertical liquid manifolds towards the heated surface via capillarity using a thin nanoporous membrane. The membrane provides an important functionality to the approach and allows the delivery of the necessary flow rates to dissipate the requisite heat fluxes. Subsequently, the vapor generated by evaporation exits through the backside and is guided to an external condenser where the liquid is recirculated back to the pump. A detailed design of the proposed concept is shown in FIG. 2, which has several important innovations.
[0030] A nanoporous membrane 10 is supported by parallel ridges 12 forming vertical channels 14 therebetween. Liquid is supplied through liquid supply lines 16. Vapor exits through an outlet 18. Liquid is drawn to the membrane via capillarity through the microfluidic network, which includes the ridges 12 that serve as mechanical supports for the membrane 10 and reduces the thermal resistance between the surface and evaporating region. Hot spot and background heat flux are both mitigated using different membrane, pore and ridge geometries. The desired dimensions for an embodiment of the invention for a nanoscale pore for a desired capillary pressure is shown in the inset.
[0031] The device architecture disclosed herein leverages nanoporous membranes to decouple the heat dissipation from the pressure drop of the device. With nanopores of diameter .about.40 nm, high capillary pressures (.about.1.1 MPa) can be generated to achieve high mass flow rates (.about.2.9-5.8 g/s) necessary for evaporation with low liquid inlet to outlet pressure drops (<8 kPa=0.05 P.sub.sat). By relying on capillarity as the main pumping mechanism, the thermofluid CoP is >100.
[0032] Both the hotspot and background fluxes can be dissipated using the same ridge-supported membrane concept by varying key geometries within the wick,e.g., membrane porosity, to tailor thermal resistances to limit the temperature rise of the hotspot .DELTA.T.sub.hs<5 K over the background. This approach of using the same mechanism offers increased reliability, reduces complexities in fabrication to create a monolithic device, and offers the flexibility to be integrated with advanced solid-state solutions in the future.
[0033] The fluidic delivery to the evaporative region from the inlet microchannels is self-regulated by the capillarity of the membrane and eliminates the need for additional fluidic valves and active control on chip.
[0037] While the liquid in the wick can reach negative absolute pressures (.about.-0.4 MPa at L/2), nucleation/cavitation is not expected until T=422 K or P.sub.cav.about.-13 MPa at T=343 K based on the kinetic limit of homogenous nucleation for pentane [15, 16]. The chosen ridge geometry ensures that the maximum temperature drop across the thin-film region from the substrate to the saturated vapor is .DELTA.T<30 K, where the conduction resistance of the ridges and fluid, as well as the liquid-vapor interfacial resistance were considered in the estimates. To address both the background and hot spot heat flux with the membrane approach, the thermal resistance of the entire wick (membrane and ridges) over the background flux area will be increased to limit the temperature difference between the hot spot and the background flux to <5 K. We conservatively estimate that for a membrane porosity .phi..sub.p=0.5 and a dissipated heat flux of q''=5 kW/cm.sup.2, the temperature rise will be .DELTA.T=27.9 K (with an interfacial heat transfer coefficient, h.sub.interface=0.69 kW/cm.sup.2K [17]) (FIG. 6a) with maximum pressure difference across the membrane is .DELTA.P=0.545 MPa. This result includes the ballistic phonon transport in nanoscale geometries, i.e., the thermal conductivity of the ridges and membrane are estimated as 350 W/mK and 35 W/mK, respectively [18]. In addition, we assessed the mechanical integrity of the membrane subject to stress generated by the capoillary pressure (FIG. 6b) and show that the maximum stress was .about.17 MPa, which is well below the fracture strength of SiC, .sigma..sub.f=500-1500 MPa [19].
[0041] The intrachip two-phase evaporative cooling solution disclosed herein is capable of dissipating >1 kW, >1 kW/cm.sup.2 for a 1 cm.sup.2 chip area with a local 200.times.200 .mu.m.sup.2 hot spot >5 kW/cm.sup.2 (FIG. 8, also see FIGS. 1&2). An important element that enables the requisite high performance is the utilization of the nanoporous membrane. The nanometer pores (diameter .about.40 nm) provide the requisite capillary pressure to deliver the liquid to the high flux surface. Through the evaporation process, the latent heat of vaporization of pentane effectively dissipates the generated heat from the surface. Meanwhile, this high capillary pressure is decoupled from liquid transport, which allows for low viscous losses. This is a critical aspect to achieve the desired metrics. The dielectric fluid, pentane, is pumped across microchannels (top layer, FIG. 8a), whereby liquid is drawn in through the vertical liquid manifolds (arrows) towards the heated surface via capillarity using a thin nanoporous membrane. The capillarity of the membrane also self-regulates the fluid delivery to the evaporative region, which eliminates the need for active fluidic control on chip. The vapor generated by evaporation within the membrane exits (FIG. 8b) to an external condenser where the liquid is recirculated back to the device. A magnified view is also shown (FIG. 8c) with detailed dimensions. The overall thickness of the cooling device will be <2 mm, such that the heat density removed is >1 kW/cm.sup.3.
where fRe, the Pouiseille number, is taken from [38], v.sub.l(x) is the x-dependent mean velocity calculated from an energy balance from evaporation through the membrane, Re(x)=.rho..sub.lv.sub.l(x)D.sub.h/.mu..sub.l is the x-dependent Reynolds number, and D.sub.h=2wh/(w+h) is the hydraulic diameter and .rho..sub.l is the liquid density. FIG. 5a shows that the maximum pressure drop for the required mass flow rates to dissipate 1 kW/cm.sup.2 is significantly smaller than the maximum capillary pressure (.about.0.2 .DELTA.p.sub.cap) where the flow length is L=W/2 (.about.0.5 .DELTA.p.sub.cap for q''=2.75 kW/cm.sup.2). Similarly, FIG. 5b shows that for the hotspot, the maximum pressure drop for the required mass flow rates is approximately half the maximum capillary pressure (.about.0.5 .DELTA.p.sub.cap) where the average flow length is L=W/4. While the liquid in the wick can reach negative pressures (.about.-0.4 MPa at the center of the patch), nucleation/cavitation is not expected until T=422 K or P.sub.cav.about.-13 MPa at T=343 K based on the kinetic limit of homogenous nucleation for pentane [15, 16], provided that we avoid introducing nucleation sites that lower the activation energy during fabrication.
[0047] We similarly determined the pressure drop in the microfluidic manifold to supply liquid to the wick for a geometry with liquid flow length of L.sub.ls=5 mm, width W.sub.ls=50 .mu.m, height H.sub.ls=250 .mu.m (Re.sub.ls.about.1500). The pressure drop was .about.1.times.10.sup.-2 .DELTA.P.sub.cap, indicating that the capillary pressure from the membrane also drives the flow in the supply lines connected to the low-pressure-drop liquid manifold.
[0048] These results suggest that a key advantage and novelty of the proposed approach is that by using capillarity with a nanoporous membrane, we can achieve a self-regulating system that alleviates the need for external valves, and decreases the overall pumping requirements of the system. While such capillarity-driven systems have been successfully demonstrated in numerous previous studies [30-36], including our own [39], an important aspect of this invention is demonstrating the ability achieve the high capillary pressures in the fabricated nanoporous membranes seamlessly integrated with the supported ridge structures and liquid supply lines.
[0049] In addition to the requirement to dissipate the high heat fluxes, the overall thermal resistance of the wick needs to be considered because it determines the temperature of the device. The temperature drop from the substrate to the vapor during heat transfer is dictated by the following two resistances. Note that due to the large q'' and small size of the wick, the two resistances are of the same order and need to be considered carefully. For our preliminary calculations, we used classical kinetic theory [17, 46] to capture the liquid vapor interface resistance. The local heat flux at the interface of the pore, q.sub.i''=q''/(.phi..sub.p,m.phi..sub.p,r), can be determined for the non-negligible velocity of vapor away from the interface during evaporation [17, 46], For the specified T.sub.v=323 K and q.sub.i''=11.3 kW/cm.sup.2 (q.sub.i''=5 kW/cm.sup.2) and assuming that an accommodation coefficient, {circumflex over (.sigma.)}=0.9, the temperature drop across the liquid-vapor interface is .DELTA.T.sub.i=15.05 K, indicating a characteristic interfacial heat transfer coefficient of h.sub.i=q.sub.i''/.DELTA.T.sub.i.about.0.69 kW/cm.sup.2K.
[0050] Note that there are several competing theories to predict the behavior of the liquid/vapor interface during phase change in addition to kinetic theory, such as statistical rate theory [47]. We seek to perform careful temperature measurements close to me interface based on our established experimental technique [48] to identify the appropriate theory for the modeling efforts. Accordingly, we can incorporate the liquid-vapor interface resistance as described above as a boundary condition to determine the overall resistance and associated temperature rise from the substrate to vapor. Given the complex conduction paths in the wick, we used 3D finite element simulations with COMSOL with material properties from Table 1 to model the heat transfer associated with the conduction resistance of the ridges and fluid. FIG. 9a shows the simulated geometry with the pore and ridge dimensions (described above) with the prescribed boundary conditions, and thermal conductivities accounting for ballistic phonon transport in nanoscale geometries, i.e., the thermal conductivity of the ridges and membrane are 350 W/mK and 35 W/mK, respectively [18].
[0051] The results of the simulation, FIG. 6a, shows that the target imposed heat flux of q''=5 kW/cm.sup.2 results in a total temperature rise of 27.9 K corresponding to a substrate temperature of T.sub.s=351 K and an overall heat transfer coefficient of h=0.18 kW/cm.sup.2K. Note that this overall heat transfer coefficient is an order of magnitude higher than those reported in previous works. To address both the background and hot spot heat flux with this approach, the thermal resistance of the entire wick over the background flux area will be increased by adjusting the wick geometry (e.g., porosity) to limit the temperature difference between the hot spot and the background flux to <5 K. FIG. 10 shows simulation results for the temperature distribution along the length of the device with the hotspot and background fluxes applied and effective heat transfer coefficients of 180 W/cm.sup.2K and 40 W/cm.sup.2K, respectively. The maximum temperature variation across the chip is <4 K, which meets the .DELTA.T.sub.across-heat-chip<10 K requirement.
REFERENCES
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[0005] Recent developments in thermal ground planes have utilized micro/nanostructured wicks, including sintered copper mesh coated with carbon nanotubes [30], titanium nanopillars [31], and oxidized copper microposts [32], to develop high flux evaporators. A typical value of q''=550 W/cm.sup.2 and h=15.4 W/cm.sup.2K over a heated area of 5.times.5 mm.sup.2 was demonstrated with an evaporator area of 2.times.2 cm.sup.2 [30]. However, the performance of such wick is fundamentally limited due to the coupling between the capillary pressure generated by the wick and the liquid transport through the wick. To decrease the transport distance within the wick, liquid supply arteries [33] or bi-porosity [34, 35] have been introduced, and as a result, q''=380 W/cm.sup.2 with h=20 W/cm.sup.2K was demonstrated [33]. Even in this configuration, the liquid transport remains in the wick, and limits the maximum heat flux. Meanwhile, to achieve the flow rates required for higher heat fluxes, the height of the wick structure should be >100 .mu.m, which increases the thermal resistance.
[0006] A recent study using evaporation through a nanoporous membrane, similar to our concept disclosed herein, demonstrated a maximum q''.about.600 W/cm.sup.2 with h=9.4 W/cm.sup.2K [36]. However, the configuration required heat conducting through a liquid layer that limited the thermal resistance, and active pumping, instead of capillarity, to drive the liquid to the membrane, which increased the power consumption.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The evaporative heat transfer system according to the invention includes a substrate and a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced-apart ridges extending from the substrate forming vertical liquid manifolds therebetween. A nanoporous membrane is supported on the ridges and a pump delivers a dielectric fluid across the edges. The fluid is drawn through the liquid manifolds via capillarity provided by the nanoporous membrane and evaporates to dissipate heat flux through the substrate. A preferred dielectric fluid is pentane. The pore size in the nanoporous membrane is selected to provide high capillary pressures. In one embodiment, the pore size is approximately 40 nm and capillary pressure is approximately 1.1 MPa.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a thin-film wick for an embodiment of the invention showing a portion of the nanoporous membrane removed to reveal supporting ridges.
[0019] FIG. 8a is an exploded view showing an embodiment of the evaporative microfluidic device disclosed herein interfaced to a hot chip. Pumped liquid supply in microchannels drawn through vertical liquid manifold by capillarity.
[0029] We disclose a unique intrachip two-phase evaporative cooling solution capable of dissipating >1 kW/cm.sup.2 for a 1 cm.sup.2 chip area with a local 200.times.200 .mu.m.sup.2 hot spot >5 kW/cm.sup.2 (FIG. 1). A mechanical pump delivers a dielectric fluid, such as pentane, across microchannels whereby liquid is drawn in through the vertical liquid manifolds towards the heated surface via capillarity using a thin nanoporous membrane. The membrane provides an important functionality to the approach and allows the delivery of the necessary flow rates to dissipate the requisite heat fluxes. Subsequently, the vapor generated by evaporation exits through the backside and is guided to an external condenser where the liquid is recirculated back to the pump. A detailed design of the proposed concept is shown in FIG. 2, which has several important innovations.
[0030] A nanoporous membrane 10 is supported by parallel ridges 12 forming vertical channels 14 therebetween. Liquid is supplied through liquid supply lines 16. Vapor exits through an outlet 18. Liquid is drawn to the membrane via capillarity through the microfluidic network, which includes the ridges 12 that serve as mechanical supports for the membrane 10 and reduces the thermal resistance between the surface and evaporating region. Hot spot and background heat flux are both mitigated using different membrane, pore and ridge geometries. The desired dimensions for an embodiment of the invention for a nanoscale pore for a desired capillary pressure is shown in the inset.
[0031] The device architecture disclosed herein leverages nanoporous membranes to decouple the heat dissipation from the pressure drop of the device. With nanopores of diameter .about.40 nm, high capillary pressures (.about.1.1 MPa) can be generated to achieve high mass flow rates (.about.2.9-5.8 g/s) necessary for evaporation with low liquid inlet to outlet pressure drops (<8 kPa=0.05 P.sub.sat). By relying on capillarity as the main pumping mechanism, the thermofluid CoP is >100.
[0032] Both the hotspot and background fluxes can be dissipated using the same ridge-supported membrane concept by varying key geometries within the wick,e.g., membrane porosity, to tailor thermal resistances to limit the temperature rise of the hotspot .DELTA.T.sub.hs<5 K over the background. This approach of using the same mechanism offers increased reliability, reduces complexities in fabrication to create a monolithic device, and offers the flexibility to be integrated with advanced solid-state solutions in the future.
[0033] The fluidic delivery to the evaporative region from the inlet microchannels is self-regulated by the capillarity of the membrane and eliminates the need for additional fluidic valves and active control on chip.
[0037] While the liquid in the wick can reach negative absolute pressures (.about.-0.4 MPa at L/2), nucleation/cavitation is not expected until T=422 K or P.sub.cav.about.-13 MPa at T=343 K based on the kinetic limit of homogenous nucleation for pentane [15, 16]. The chosen ridge geometry ensures that the maximum temperature drop across the thin-film region from the substrate to the saturated vapor is .DELTA.T<30 K, where the conduction resistance of the ridges and fluid, as well as the liquid-vapor interfacial resistance were considered in the estimates. To address both the background and hot spot heat flux with the membrane approach, the thermal resistance of the entire wick (membrane and ridges) over the background flux area will be increased to limit the temperature difference between the hot spot and the background flux to <5 K. We conservatively estimate that for a membrane porosity .phi..sub.p=0.5 and a dissipated heat flux of q''=5 kW/cm.sup.2, the temperature rise will be .DELTA.T=27.9 K (with an interfacial heat transfer coefficient, h.sub.interface=0.69 kW/cm.sup.2K [17]) (FIG. 6a) with maximum pressure difference across the membrane is .DELTA.P=0.545 MPa. This result includes the ballistic phonon transport in nanoscale geometries, i.e., the thermal conductivity of the ridges and membrane are estimated as 350 W/mK and 35 W/mK, respectively [18]. In addition, we assessed the mechanical integrity of the membrane subject to stress generated by the capoillary pressure (FIG. 6b) and show that the maximum stress was .about.17 MPa, which is well below the fracture strength of SiC, .sigma..sub.f=500-1500 MPa [19].
[0041] The intrachip two-phase evaporative cooling solution disclosed herein is capable of dissipating >1 kW, >1 kW/cm.sup.2 for a 1 cm.sup.2 chip area with a local 200.times.200 .mu.m.sup.2 hot spot >5 kW/cm.sup.2 (FIG. 8, also see FIGS. 1&2). An important element that enables the requisite high performance is the utilization of the nanoporous membrane. The nanometer pores (diameter .about.40 nm) provide the requisite capillary pressure to deliver the liquid to the high flux surface. Through the evaporation process, the latent heat of vaporization of pentane effectively dissipates the generated heat from the surface. Meanwhile, this high capillary pressure is decoupled from liquid transport, which allows for low viscous losses. This is a critical aspect to achieve the desired metrics. The dielectric fluid, pentane, is pumped across microchannels (top layer, FIG. 8a), whereby liquid is drawn in through the vertical liquid manifolds (arrows) towards the heated surface via capillarity using a thin nanoporous membrane. The capillarity of the membrane also self-regulates the fluid delivery to the evaporative region, which eliminates the need for active fluidic control on chip. The vapor generated by evaporation within the membrane exits (FIG. 8b) to an external condenser where the liquid is recirculated back to the device. A magnified view is also shown (FIG. 8c) with detailed dimensions. The overall thickness of the cooling device will be <2 mm, such that the heat density removed is >1 kW/cm.sup.3.
where fRe, the Pouiseille number, is taken from [38], v.sub.l(x) is the x-dependent mean velocity calculated from an energy balance from evaporation through the membrane, Re(x)=.rho..sub.lv.sub.l(x)D.sub.h/.mu..sub.l is the x-dependent Reynolds number, and D.sub.h=2wh/(w+h) is the hydraulic diameter and .rho..sub.l is the liquid density. FIG. 5a shows that the maximum pressure drop for the required mass flow rates to dissipate 1 kW/cm.sup.2 is significantly smaller than the maximum capillary pressure (.about.0.2 .DELTA.p.sub.cap) where the flow length is L=W/2 (.about.0.5 .DELTA.p.sub.cap for q''=2.75 kW/cm.sup.2). Similarly, FIG. 5b shows that for the hotspot, the maximum pressure drop for the required mass flow rates is approximately half the maximum capillary pressure (.about.0.5 .DELTA.p.sub.cap) where the average flow length is L=W/4. While the liquid in the wick can reach negative pressures (.about.-0.4 MPa at the center of the patch), nucleation/cavitation is not expected until T=422 K or P.sub.cav.about.-13 MPa at T=343 K based on the kinetic limit of homogenous nucleation for pentane [15, 16], provided that we avoid introducing nucleation sites that lower the activation energy during fabrication.
[0047] We similarly determined the pressure drop in the microfluidic manifold to supply liquid to the wick for a geometry with liquid flow length of L.sub.ls=5 mm, width W.sub.ls=50 .mu.m, height H.sub.ls=250 .mu.m (Re.sub.ls.about.1500). The pressure drop was .about.1.times.10.sup.-2 .DELTA.P.sub.cap, indicating that the capillary pressure from the membrane also drives the flow in the supply lines connected to the low-pressure-drop liquid manifold.
[0048] These results suggest that a key advantage and novelty of the proposed approach is that by using capillarity with a nanoporous membrane, we can achieve a self-regulating system that alleviates the need for external valves, and decreases the overall pumping requirements of the system. While such capillarity-driven systems have been successfully demonstrated in numerous previous studies [30-36], including our own [39], an important aspect of this invention is demonstrating the ability achieve the high capillary pressures in the fabricated nanoporous membranes seamlessly integrated with the supported ridge structures and liquid supply lines.
[0049] In addition to the requirement to dissipate the high heat fluxes, the overall thermal resistance of the wick needs to be considered because it determines the temperature of the device. The temperature drop from the substrate to the vapor during heat transfer is dictated by the following two resistances. Note that due to the large q'' and small size of the wick, the two resistances are of the same order and need to be considered carefully. For our preliminary calculations, we used classical kinetic theory [17, 46] to capture the liquid vapor interface resistance. The local heat flux at the interface of the pore, q.sub.i''=q''/(.phi..sub.p,m.phi..sub.p,r), can be determined for the non-negligible velocity of vapor away from the interface during evaporation [17, 46], For the specified T.sub.v=323 K and q.sub.i''=11.3 kW/cm.sup.2 (q.sub.i''=5 kW/cm.sup.2) and assuming that an accommodation coefficient, {circumflex over (.sigma.)}=0.9, the temperature drop across the liquid-vapor interface is .DELTA.T.sub.i=15.05 K, indicating a characteristic interfacial heat transfer coefficient of h.sub.i=q.sub.i''/.DELTA.T.sub.i.about.0.69 kW/cm.sup.2K.
[0050] Note that there are several competing theories to predict the behavior of the liquid/vapor interface during phase change in addition to kinetic theory, such as statistical rate theory [47]. We seek to perform careful temperature measurements close to me interface based on our established experimental technique [48] to identify the appropriate theory for the modeling efforts. Accordingly, we can incorporate the liquid-vapor interface resistance as described above as a boundary condition to determine the overall resistance and associated temperature rise from the substrate to vapor. Given the complex conduction paths in the wick, we used 3D finite element simulations with COMSOL with material properties from Table 1 to model the heat transfer associated with the conduction resistance of the ridges and fluid. FIG. 9a shows the simulated geometry with the pore and ridge dimensions (described above) with the prescribed boundary conditions, and thermal conductivities accounting for ballistic phonon transport in nanoscale geometries, i.e., the thermal conductivity of the ridges and membrane are 350 W/mK and 35 W/mK, respectively [18].
[0051] The results of the simulation, FIG. 6a, shows that the target imposed heat flux of q''=5 kW/cm.sup.2 results in a total temperature rise of 27.9 K corresponding to a substrate temperature of T.sub.s=351 K and an overall heat transfer coefficient of h=0.18 kW/cm.sup.2K. Note that this overall heat transfer coefficient is an order of magnitude higher than those reported in previous works. To address both the background and hot spot heat flux with this approach, the thermal resistance of the entire wick over the background flux area will be increased by adjusting the wick geometry (e.g., porosity) to limit the temperature difference between the hot spot and the background flux to <5 K. FIG. 10 shows simulation results for the temperature distribution along the length of the device with the hotspot and background fluxes applied and effective heat transfer coefficients of 180 W/cm.sup.2K and 40 W/cm.sup.2K, respectively. The maximum temperature variation across the chip is <4 K, which meets the .DELTA.T.sub.across-heat-chip<10 K requirement.
REFERENCES
[0064] 1. Bula, A. J., M. M. Rahman, and J. E. Leland, Axial steady free surface jet impinging over a flat disk with discrete heat sources. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2000, 21(1): p. 11-21. [0065] 2. Mailly, F., et al., Anemometer with hot platinum thin film. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2001. 94(1-2): p. 32-38. [0066] 3. Mudawar,
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